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Heart rate zones reflect exercise intensity as a percentage of a person’s estimated maximum heart rate, which is commonly calculated by subtracting age from 220. For example, a 50-year-old adult’s estimated maximum heart rate is 170 (220 minus 50). As exercise becomes more demanding, the heart beats faster to deliver oxygen-rich blood to working muscles. [..]

The neck contains many structures that work together to support the head and allow smooth movement, including muscles, ligaments, disks, nerves, and facet joints. During a whiplash injury, the neck can experience rapid forces that stretch these tissues, contributing to the myriad symptoms collectively known as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). According to a recent systematic review, [..]

Athletic performance depends on more than strength alone. Healthy movement requires muscles, joints, and the nervous system to work together smoothly. Hamstring injuries are among the most common in sports, especially those involving running, sprinting, and rapid changes of direction, such as soccer. Because recovery can take weeks or even months, injury prevention is an [..]

In her book, Molecules of Emotion, The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine, Candace Pert, PhD, notes that people’s (and animal’s) emotions are observable in their posture and facial expressions (1). ••• This is not a fictitious story, it is real; the names have been changed. Mr. Smith was 81 years old. He had retired from working [..]

Chronic low back pain is defined as back pain that lasts for three months or longer. It affects millions of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. It’s estimated that more than 600 million individuals worldwide are living with chronic low back pain at any given moment. While injuries, age-related changes, [..]

Tinnitus is the perception of sound when no external sound is present. People often describe it as ringing, buzzing, hissing, or humming in one or both ears. While tinnitus is frequently associated with hearing-related conditions, not all tinnitus originates solely from the auditory system. A form known as somatic tinnitus is influenced by musculoskeletal factors [..]

Orthopaedics literally means “straight children.” The specialty of orthopedics began in 1741 when French physician, Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658–1742) published the foundational book Orthopédie (translated as The Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children) (1, 2). Dr. Andry established that children who were “bent” (not straight) had difficult lives, and that their situation [..]

Occipital neuralgia is a condition involving irritation of the occipital nerves and is often characterized by sharp, shooting, burning, or electric-like pain that starts near the base of the skull and radiates upward. A 2025 study of 212 patients with occipital neuralgia found that 117 reported a prior head or neck injury, with whiplash identified [..]

Surveys suggest that a majority of adults report feeling stressed on a regular basis, and chronic stress has been associated with a variety of health concerns, including sleep problems, headaches, digestive issues, anxiety, elevated blood pressure, and reduced overall well-being. While stressful situations cannot always be avoided, lifestyle habits can influence how effectively the brain [..]

Tennis elbow, also known as lateral elbow tendinopathy, is a common condition involving irritation of the tendons that attach to the outside of the elbow. Despite its name, it affects many people who have never played tennis. Repetitive gripping, lifting, typing, and tool use can all contribute to the condition. Traditionally, treatment has focused on [..]

Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve becomes compressed or irritated as it passes through a narrow space on the inside of the elbow called the cubital tunnel. This can result in numbness or tingling in the ring and little fingers, hand weakness, reduced grip strength, and aching pain along the inside of the [..]

Low back pain is one of the most common health complaints in the world and one of the leading reasons patients seek chiropractic care. For many patients, the first question is, “What is causing the pain?” The answer is not always simple. In general, low back pain can be divided into two categories: specific and [..]